Source File
	project.go

Belonging Package
	github.com/polarsignals/frostdb/query/physicalplan

package physicalplan

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"strings"

	"github.com/apache/arrow-go/v18/arrow"
	"github.com/apache/arrow-go/v18/arrow/array"
	"github.com/apache/arrow-go/v18/arrow/memory"
	"github.com/apache/arrow-go/v18/arrow/scalar"
	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"

	"github.com/polarsignals/frostdb/query/logicalplan"
)

type columnProjection interface {
	// Name returns the name of the column that this projection will return.
	Name() string
	// String returns the string representation as it may have been used to create the projection.
	String() string
	// Projects one or more columns. Each element in the field list corresponds to an element in the list of arrays.
	Project(mem memory.Allocator, ar arrow.Record) ([]arrow.Field, []arrow.Array, error)
}

type aliasProjection struct {
	p    columnProjection
	expr *logicalplan.AliasExpr
	name string
}

func (a aliasProjection) Name() string {
	return a.name
}

func (a aliasProjection) String() string {
	return a.expr.String()
}

func (a aliasProjection) Project(mem memory.Allocator, ar arrow.Record) ([]arrow.Field, []arrow.Array, error) {
	fields, arrays, err := a.p.Project(mem, ar)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	if len(fields) == 0 || len(fields) != len(arrays) {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid projection for alias: fields and arrays must be non-empty and of equal length")
	}

	return []arrow.Field{{
		Name:     a.name,
		Type:     fields[0].Type,
		Nullable: fields[0].Nullable,
		Metadata: fields[0].Metadata,
	}}, arrays, nil
}

type binaryExprProjection struct {
	expr *logicalplan.BinaryExpr

	left  columnProjection
	right columnProjection
}

func (b binaryExprProjection) Name() string {
	return b.expr.String()
}

func (b binaryExprProjection) String() string {
	return b.expr.String()
}

func (b binaryExprProjection) Project(mem memory.Allocator, ar arrow.Record) ([]arrow.Field, []arrow.Array, error) {
	leftFields, leftArrays, err := b.left.Project(mem, ar)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("project left side of binary expression: %w", err)
	}
	defer func() {
		for _, arr := range leftArrays {
			arr.Release()
		}
	}()

	rightFields, rightArrays, err := b.right.Project(mem, ar)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("project right side of binary expression: %w", err)
	}
	defer func() {
		for _, arr := range rightArrays {
			arr.Release()
		}
	}()

	if len(leftFields) != 1 || len(leftArrays) != 1 {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("binary expression projection expected one field and one array for each side, got %d fields and %d arrays on left", len(leftFields), len(leftArrays))
	}

	if len(rightFields) != 1 || len(rightArrays) != 1 {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("binary expression projection expected one field and one array for each side, got %d fields and %d arrays on right", len(rightFields), len(rightArrays))
	}

	leftArray := leftArrays[0]
	rightArray := rightArrays[0]

	resultFields := []arrow.Field{{
		Name:     b.expr.Name(),
		Type:     leftFields[0].Type,
		Nullable: leftFields[0].Nullable,
		Metadata: leftFields[0].Metadata,
	}}
	switch leftArray := leftArray.(type) {
	case *array.Int64:
		switch b.expr.Op {
		case logicalplan.OpAdd:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{AddInt64s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Int64))}, nil
		case logicalplan.OpSub:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{SubInt64s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Int64))}, nil
		case logicalplan.OpMul:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{MulInt64s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Int64))}, nil
		case logicalplan.OpDiv:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{DivInt64s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Int64))}, nil
		default:
			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported binary expression: %s", b.expr.String())
		}
	case *array.Int32:
		switch b.expr.Op {
		case logicalplan.OpAdd:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{AddInt32s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Int32))}, nil
		case logicalplan.OpSub:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{SubInt32s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Int32))}, nil
		case logicalplan.OpMul:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{MulInt32s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Int32))}, nil
		case logicalplan.OpDiv:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{DivInt32s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Int32))}, nil
		default:
			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported binary expression: %s", b.expr.String())
		}
	case *array.Uint64:
		switch b.expr.Op {
		case logicalplan.OpAdd:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{AddUint64s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Uint64))}, nil
		case logicalplan.OpSub:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{SubUint64s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Uint64))}, nil
		case logicalplan.OpMul:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{MulUint64s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Uint64))}, nil
		case logicalplan.OpDiv:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{DivUint64s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Uint64))}, nil
		default:
			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported binary expression: %s", b.expr.String())
		}
	case *array.Float64:
		switch b.expr.Op {
		case logicalplan.OpAdd:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{AddFloat64s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Float64))}, nil
		case logicalplan.OpSub:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{SubFloat64s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Float64))}, nil
		case logicalplan.OpMul:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{MulFloat64s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Float64))}, nil
		case logicalplan.OpDiv:
			return resultFields, []arrow.Array{DivFloat64s(mem, leftArray, rightArray.(*array.Float64))}, nil
		default:
			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported binary expression: %s", b.expr.String())
		}
	default:
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported type: %T", leftArray)
	}
}

func AddInt64s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Int64) *array.Int64 {
	res := array.NewInt64Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		res.Append(left.Value(i) + right.Value(i))
	}

	return res.NewInt64Array()
}

func SubInt64s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Int64) *array.Int64 {
	res := array.NewInt64Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		res.Append(left.Value(i) - right.Value(i))
	}

	return res.NewInt64Array()
}

func MulInt64s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Int64) *array.Int64 {
	res := array.NewInt64Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		res.Append(left.Value(i) * right.Value(i))
	}

	return res.NewInt64Array()
}

func DivInt64s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Int64) *array.Int64 {
	res := array.NewInt64Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		rightValue := right.Value(i)
		if right.Value(i) == 0 {
			res.AppendNull()
		} else {
			res.Append(left.Value(i) / rightValue)
		}
	}

	return res.NewInt64Array()
}

func AddFloat64s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Float64) *array.Float64 {
	res := array.NewFloat64Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		res.Append(left.Value(i) + right.Value(i))
	}

	return res.NewFloat64Array()
}

func SubFloat64s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Float64) *array.Float64 {
	res := array.NewFloat64Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		res.Append(left.Value(i) - right.Value(i))
	}

	return res.NewFloat64Array()
}

func MulFloat64s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Float64) *array.Float64 {
	res := array.NewFloat64Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		res.Append(left.Value(i) * right.Value(i))
	}

	return res.NewFloat64Array()
}

func DivFloat64s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Float64) *array.Float64 {
	res := array.NewFloat64Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		rightValue := right.Value(i)
		if right.Value(i) == 0 {
			res.AppendNull()
		} else {
			res.Append(left.Value(i) / rightValue)
		}
	}

	return res.NewFloat64Array()
}

func AddInt32s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Int32) *array.Int32 {
	res := array.NewInt32Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		res.Append(left.Value(i) + right.Value(i))
	}

	return res.NewInt32Array()
}

func SubInt32s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Int32) *array.Int32 {
	res := array.NewInt32Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		res.Append(left.Value(i) - right.Value(i))
	}

	return res.NewInt32Array()
}

func MulInt32s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Int32) *array.Int32 {
	res := array.NewInt32Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		res.Append(left.Value(i) * right.Value(i))
	}

	return res.NewInt32Array()
}

func DivInt32s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Int32) *array.Int32 {
	res := array.NewInt32Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		rightValue := right.Value(i)
		if right.Value(i) == 0 {
			res.AppendNull()
		} else {
			res.Append(left.Value(i) / rightValue)
		}
	}

	return res.NewInt32Array()
}

func AddUint64s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Uint64) *array.Uint64 {
	res := array.NewUint64Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		res.Append(left.Value(i) + right.Value(i))
	}

	return res.NewUint64Array()
}

func SubUint64s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Uint64) *array.Uint64 {
	res := array.NewUint64Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		res.Append(left.Value(i) - right.Value(i))
	}

	return res.NewUint64Array()
}

func MulUint64s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Uint64) *array.Uint64 {
	res := array.NewUint64Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		res.Append(left.Value(i) * right.Value(i))
	}

	return res.NewUint64Array()
}

func DivUint64s(mem memory.Allocator, left, right *array.Uint64) *array.Uint64 {
	res := array.NewUint64Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(left.Len())

	for i := 0; i < left.Len(); i++ {
		rightValue := right.Value(i)
		if right.Value(i) == 0 {
			res.AppendNull()
		} else {
			res.Append(left.Value(i) / rightValue)
		}
	}

	return res.NewUint64Array()
}

type boolExprProjection struct {
	boolExpr BooleanExpression
}

func (b boolExprProjection) Name() string {
	return b.boolExpr.String()
}

func (b boolExprProjection) String() string {
	return b.boolExpr.String()
}

func (b boolExprProjection) Project(mem memory.Allocator, ar arrow.Record) ([]arrow.Field, []arrow.Array, error) {
	var partiallyComputedExprRes arrow.Array
	if ar.Schema().HasField(b.boolExpr.String()) {
		arr := ar.Column(ar.Schema().FieldIndices(b.boolExpr.String())[0])
		if arr.NullN() == 0 {
			// This means we have fully pre-computed the result of the
			// expression in the table scan already.
			arr.Retain()
			return []arrow.Field{
				{
					Name: b.boolExpr.String(),
					Type: &arrow.BooleanType{},
				},
			}, []arrow.Array{arr}, nil
		} else if arr.NullN() < arr.Len() {
			// If we got here, expression results were partially computed at
			// the table scan layer. We fall back to evaluating the expression
			// and overwriting with any results found in this array (i.e.
			// non-null entries). Note that if zero results were pre-computed
			// (arr.NullN == arr.Len()), we'll just fully fall back to
			// expression evaluation.
			partiallyComputedExprRes = arr
		}
	}

	bitmap, err := b.boolExpr.Eval(ar)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	vals := make([]bool, ar.NumRows())
	builder := array.NewBooleanBuilder(mem)
	defer builder.Release()

	// We can do this because we now the values in the array are between 0 and
	// NumRows()-1
	for _, pos := range bitmap.ToArray() {
		vals[int(pos)] = true
	}

	if partiallyComputedExprRes != nil {
		boolArr := partiallyComputedExprRes.(*array.Boolean)
		for i := 0; i < boolArr.Len(); i++ {
			if !boolArr.IsNull(i) {
				// Non-null result, this is the precomputed expression result.
				vals[i] = boolArr.Value(i)
			}
		}
	}

	builder.AppendValues(vals, nil)

	return []arrow.Field{
		{
			Name: b.boolExpr.String(),
			Type: &arrow.BooleanType{},
		},
	}, []arrow.Array{builder.NewArray()}, nil
}

type plainProjection struct {
	expr *logicalplan.Column
}

func (p plainProjection) Name() string {
	return p.expr.ColumnName
}

func (p plainProjection) String() string {
	return p.expr.ColumnName
}

func (p plainProjection) Project(_ memory.Allocator, ar arrow.Record) ([]arrow.Field, []arrow.Array, error) {
	for i := 0; i < ar.Schema().NumFields(); i++ {
		field := ar.Schema().Field(i)
		if p.expr.MatchColumn(field.Name) {
			ar.Column(i).Retain() // Retain the column since we're keeping it.
			return []arrow.Field{field}, []arrow.Array{ar.Column(i)}, nil
		}
	}

	return nil, nil, nil
}

type convertProjection struct {
	p    columnProjection
	expr *logicalplan.ConvertExpr
}

func (p convertProjection) Name() string {
	return p.expr.Name()
}

func (p convertProjection) String() string {
	return p.expr.Name()
}

func (p convertProjection) convert(mem memory.Allocator, c arrow.Array) (arrow.Array, error) {
	defer c.Release()

	switch c := c.(type) {
	case *array.Int64:
		switch p.expr.Type {
		case arrow.PrimitiveTypes.Float64:
			return convertInt64ToFloat64(mem, c), nil
		default:
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported conversion from %s to %s", c.DataType(), p.expr.Type)
		}
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported conversion from %s to %s", c.DataType(), p.expr.Type)
	}
}

func convertInt64ToFloat64(mem memory.Allocator, c *array.Int64) *array.Float64 {
	res := array.NewFloat64Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(c.Len())

	for i := 0; i < c.Len(); i++ {
		res.Append(float64(c.Value(i)))
	}

	return res.NewFloat64Array()
}

func (p convertProjection) Project(mem memory.Allocator, ar arrow.Record) ([]arrow.Field, []arrow.Array, error) {
	fields, cols, err := p.p.Project(mem, ar)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	if len(fields) == 0 || len(fields) != len(cols) {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid projection for convert: fields and arrays must be non-empty and of equal length")
	}

	c, err := p.convert(mem, cols[0])
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	return []arrow.Field{{
		Name:     p.expr.Name(),
		Type:     p.expr.Type,
		Nullable: fields[0].Nullable,
		Metadata: fields[0].Metadata,
	}}, []arrow.Array{c}, nil
}

type isNullProjection struct {
	expr *logicalplan.IsNullExpr
	p    columnProjection
}

func (p isNullProjection) Name() string {
	return p.expr.String()
}

func (p isNullProjection) String() string {
	return p.expr.String()
}

func (p isNullProjection) Project(mem memory.Allocator, ar arrow.Record) ([]arrow.Field, []arrow.Array, error) {
	fields, cols, err := p.p.Project(mem, ar)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	defer func() {
		for _, arr := range cols {
			arr.Release()
		}
	}()

	if len(fields) != 1 || len(fields) != len(cols) {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid projection for isNull: expected 1 field and array, got %d fields %d arrays", len(fields), len(cols))
	}

	b := array.NewBooleanBuilder(mem)
	defer b.Release()

	b.Resize(cols[0].Len())

	for i := 0; i < cols[0].Len(); i++ {
		b.Append(cols[0].IsNull(i))
	}

	return []arrow.Field{{
		Name:     p.expr.String(),
		Type:     arrow.FixedWidthTypes.Boolean,
		Nullable: fields[0].Nullable,
		Metadata: fields[0].Metadata,
	}}, []arrow.Array{b.NewBooleanArray()}, nil
}

type ifExprProjection struct {
	expr *logicalplan.IfExpr

	cond columnProjection
	then columnProjection
	els  columnProjection
}

func (p ifExprProjection) Name() string {
	return p.expr.Name()
}

func (p ifExprProjection) String() string {
	return p.expr.Name()
}

func (p ifExprProjection) Project(mem memory.Allocator, ar arrow.Record) ([]arrow.Field, []arrow.Array, error) {
	f, thenCols, err := p.then.Project(mem, ar)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	defer func() {
		for _, arr := range thenCols {
			arr.Release()
		}
	}()

	_, elseCols, err := p.els.Project(mem, ar)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	defer func() {
		for _, arr := range elseCols {
			arr.Release()
		}
	}()

	_, condCols, err := p.cond.Project(mem, ar)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	defer func() {
		for _, arr := range condCols {
			arr.Release()
		}
	}()

	if len(thenCols) != 1 || len(elseCols) != 1 || len(condCols) != 1 {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid projection for if: all columns must be non-empty and of equal length")
	}

	condCol := condCols[0]
	thenCol := thenCols[0]
	elseCol := elseCols[0]

	condArr, ok := condCol.(*array.Boolean)
	if !ok {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid projection for if: condition column must be of type boolean")
	}

	if condArr.Len() != thenCol.Len() || condArr.Len() != elseCol.Len() {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid projection for if: condition, then and else columns must be of equal length")
	}

	if !arrow.TypeEqual(thenCols[0].DataType(), elseCols[0].DataType()) {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid projection for if: then and else columns must be of the same type")
	}

	var res arrow.Array
	switch thenCols[0].(type) {
	case *array.Int64:
		res = conditionalAddInt64(mem, condArr, thenCol.(*array.Int64), elseCol.(*array.Int64))
	default:
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported if expression type: %s %T", thenCols[0].DataType(), thenCols[0])
	}

	return []arrow.Field{{
		Name:     p.expr.Name(),
		Type:     res.DataType(),
		Nullable: f[0].Nullable,
		Metadata: f[0].Metadata,
	}}, []arrow.Array{res}, nil
}

func conditionalAddInt64(mem memory.Allocator, cond *array.Boolean, a, b *array.Int64) *array.Int64 {
	res := array.NewInt64Builder(mem)
	defer res.Release()

	res.Resize(cond.Len())

	for i := 0; i < cond.Len(); i++ {
		if cond.IsValid(i) && cond.Value(i) {
			res.Append(a.Value(i))
		} else {
			res.Append(b.Value(i))
		}
	}

	return res.NewInt64Array()
}

type literalProjection struct {
	value scalar.Scalar
}

func (p literalProjection) Name() string {
	return p.value.String()
}

func (p literalProjection) String() string {
	return p.value.String()
}

func (p literalProjection) Project(mem memory.Allocator, ar arrow.Record) ([]arrow.Field, []arrow.Array, error) {
	arr, err := scalar.MakeArrayFromScalar(p.value, int(ar.NumRows()), mem)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("make array from literal value: %w", err)
	}

	return []arrow.Field{{
			Name: p.value.String(),
			Type: p.value.DataType(),
		}}, []arrow.Array{
			arr,
		}, nil
}

type dynamicProjection struct {
	expr *logicalplan.DynamicColumn
}

func (p dynamicProjection) Name() string {
	return p.expr.ColumnName
}

func (p dynamicProjection) String() string {
	return p.expr.ColumnName
}

func (p dynamicProjection) Project(_ memory.Allocator, ar arrow.Record) ([]arrow.Field, []arrow.Array, error) {
	fields := []arrow.Field{}
	arrays := []arrow.Array{}
	for i := 0; i < ar.Schema().NumFields(); i++ {
		field := ar.Schema().Field(i)
		if p.expr.MatchColumn(field.Name) {
			fields = append(fields, field)
			arrays = append(arrays, ar.Column(i))
			ar.Column(i).Retain() // Retain the column since we're keeping it.
		}
	}

	return fields, arrays, nil
}

func projectionFromExpr(expr logicalplan.Expr) (columnProjection, error) {
	switch e := expr.(type) {
	case *logicalplan.AllExpr:
		return allProjection{}, nil
	case *logicalplan.Column:
		return plainProjection{
			expr: e,
		}, nil
	case *logicalplan.ConvertExpr:
		p, err := projectionFromExpr(e.Expr)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("projection to convert: %w", err)
		}

		return convertProjection{
			p:    p,
			expr: e,
		}, nil
	case *logicalplan.AggregationFunction:
		return plainProjection{
			expr: logicalplan.Col(e.Name()),
		}, nil
	case *logicalplan.DynamicColumn:
		return dynamicProjection{
			expr: e,
		}, nil
	case *logicalplan.LiteralExpr:
		return literalProjection{
			value: e.Value,
		}, nil
	case *logicalplan.AliasExpr:
		p, err := projectionFromExpr(e.Expr)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("projection to convert: %w", err)
		}

		return aliasProjection{
			p:    p,
			expr: e,
			name: e.Alias,
		}, nil
	case *logicalplan.BinaryExpr:
		switch e.Op {
		case logicalplan.OpEq, logicalplan.OpNotEq, logicalplan.OpGt, logicalplan.OpGtEq, logicalplan.OpLt, logicalplan.OpLtEq, logicalplan.OpRegexMatch, logicalplan.OpRegexNotMatch, logicalplan.OpAnd, logicalplan.OpOr:
			boolExpr, err := binaryBooleanExpr(e)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("boolean projection from expr: %w", err)
			}
			return boolExprProjection{
				boolExpr: boolExpr,
			}, nil
		case logicalplan.OpAdd, logicalplan.OpSub, logicalplan.OpMul, logicalplan.OpDiv:
			left, err := projectionFromExpr(e.Left)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("left projection for arithmetic projection: %w", err)
			}

			right, err := projectionFromExpr(e.Right)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("right projection for arithmetic projection: %w", err)
			}

			return binaryExprProjection{
				expr: e,

				left:  left,
				right: right,
			}, nil
		default:
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown binary expression: %s", e.String())
		}
	case *logicalplan.IfExpr:
		cond, err := projectionFromExpr(e.Cond)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("condition projection for if projection: %w", err)
		}

		then, err := projectionFromExpr(e.Then)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("then projection for if projection: %w", err)
		}

		els, err := projectionFromExpr(e.Else)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("else projection for if projection: %w", err)
		}

		return ifExprProjection{
			expr: e,
			cond: cond,
			then: then,
			els:  els,
		}, nil
	case *logicalplan.IsNullExpr:
		p, err := projectionFromExpr(e.Expr)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("projection for is null projection: %w", err)
		}

		return isNullProjection{
			expr: e,
			p:    p,
		}, nil
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported expression type for projection: %T", expr)
	}
}

type Projection struct {
	pool   memory.Allocator
	tracer trace.Tracer

	colProjections []columnProjection

	next PhysicalPlan
}

func Project(mem memory.Allocator, tracer trace.Tracer, exprs []logicalplan.Expr) (*Projection, error) {
	p := &Projection{
		pool:           mem,
		tracer:         tracer,
		colProjections: make([]columnProjection, 0, len(exprs)),
	}

	for _, e := range exprs {
		proj, err := projectionFromExpr(e)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		p.colProjections = append(p.colProjections, proj)
	}

	return p, nil
}

func (p *Projection) Close() {
	p.next.Close()
}

func (p *Projection) Callback(ctx context.Context, r arrow.Record) error {
	ar, err := p.Project(ctx, r)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer ar.Release()

	return p.next.Callback(ctx, ar)
}

func (p *Projection) Project(_ context.Context, r arrow.Record) (arrow.Record, error) {
	// Generates high volume of spans. Comment out if needed during development.
	// ctx, span := p.tracer.Start(ctx, "Projection/Callback")
	// defer span.End()

	resFields := make([]arrow.Field, 0, len(p.colProjections))
	resArrays := make([]arrow.Array, 0, len(p.colProjections))

	for _, proj := range p.colProjections {
		f, a, err := proj.Project(p.pool, r)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		if a == nil {
			continue
		}

		resFields = append(resFields, f...)
		resArrays = append(resArrays, a...)
	}

	rows := int64(0)
	if len(resArrays) > 0 {
		rows = int64(resArrays[0].Len())
	}

	ar := array.NewRecord(
		arrow.NewSchema(resFields, nil),
		resArrays,
		rows,
	)

	for _, arr := range resArrays {
		arr.Release()
	}

	return ar, nil
}

func (p *Projection) Finish(ctx context.Context) error {
	return p.next.Finish(ctx)
}

func (p *Projection) SetNext(next PhysicalPlan) {
	p.next = next
}

func (p *Projection) Draw() *Diagram {
	var child *Diagram
	if p.next != nil {
		child = p.next.Draw()
	}

	var columns []string
	for _, p := range p.colProjections {
		columns = append(columns, p.String())
	}
	details := fmt.Sprintf("Projection (%s)", strings.Join(columns, ", "))
	return &Diagram{Details: details, Child: child}
}

type allProjection struct{}

func (a allProjection) Name() string { return "all" }

func (a allProjection) String() string { return "*" }

func (a allProjection) Project(_ memory.Allocator, ar arrow.Record) ([]arrow.Field, []arrow.Array, error) {
	return ar.Schema().Fields(), ar.Columns(), nil
}

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